Full-Stack Developer skills: what 3,022 job postings ask for
We read 3,022 open full-stack developer job postings from 1,471 companies. React appears in 72% and TypeScript in 64%. Beyond the framework, employers most often ask for CI/CD (36%), code review (33%) and mentoring (31%).
The 15 skills full-stack developers are asked for most
Share of 3,022 open postings that mention each skill, anywhere in the job description.
All 80 skills, with the share that lists them as a hard requirement
| Skill | Mentioned | Required | Margin of error |
|---|---|---|---|
| React | 72.2% | 63% | ±1.6 pts |
| TypeScript | 64% | 57.2% | ±1.7 pts |
| SQL / databases | 61.6% | 50.8% | ±1.7 pts |
| Python | 50.6% | 42.8% | ±1.8 pts |
| AWS | 41.7% | 30.9% | ±1.8 pts |
| CI/CD | 36.4% | 28.3% | ±1.7 pts |
| AI coding tools | 36.1% | 33.4% | ±1.7 pts |
| JavaScript | 34.5% | 30.2% | ±1.7 pts |
| Building LLM features | 33% | 27% | ±1.7 pts |
| Code review | 32.7% | 32.4% | ±1.7 pts |
| Node.js | 32.4% | 28.4% | ±1.7 pts |
| Mentoring | 30.8% | 29.6% | ±1.6 pts |
| Docker / containers | 29.2% | 18.5% | ±1.6 pts |
| Automated testing | 28.5% | 27.3% | ±1.6 pts |
| Java / Kotlin (backend) | 27.6% | 22.7% | ±1.6 pts |
| Monitoring & analytics | 27.5% | 22.9% | ±1.6 pts |
| Kubernetes | 26% | 15.7% | ±1.6 pts |
| REST APIs | 23.4% | 21.1% | ±1.5 pts |
| Architecture / system design | 22.3% | 21.3% | ±1.5 pts |
| Message queues / event streaming | 20.6% | 13% | ±1.4 pts |
| Git | 19.5% | 15.7% | ±1.4 pts |
| Web performance | 19.3% | 16% | ±1.4 pts |
| Go | 19.3% | 14.8% | ±1.4 pts |
| Working with designers / UX | 18.2% | 17.9% | ±1.4 pts |
| Agile / Scrum | 17.9% | 16.2% | ±1.4 pts |
| NoSQL (MongoDB, DynamoDB…) | 17.3% | 13.7% | ±1.3 pts |
| API design | 16.9% | 14.9% | ±1.3 pts |
| Google Cloud | 16.6% | 11.9% | ±1.3 pts |
| Microservices | 16.1% | 13.2% | ±1.3 pts |
| Distributed systems | 16% | 13.6% | ±1.3 pts |
| Infrastructure as code (Terraform) | 16% | 9% | ±1.3 pts |
| Angular | 14.6% | 11.4% | ±1.3 pts |
| Azure | 14.6% | 10.8% | ±1.3 pts |
| Next.js | 14.1% | 11.6% | ±1.2 pts |
| Data pipelines (Spark, Airflow, ETL) | 13.1% | 9.9% | ±1.2 pts |
| GraphQL | 12.9% | 9.4% | ±1.2 pts |
| Redis / caching | 12.5% | 9.6% | ±1.2 pts |
| .NET / C# | 12.4% | 9.5% | ±1.2 pts |
| CSS | 11.1% | 10.3% | ±1.1 pts |
| Vue | 10.9% | 9.8% | ±1.1 pts |
| HTML | 8.2% | 7.6% | ±1 pts |
| WebSockets / real-time | 7.5% | 5.4% | ±0.9 pts |
| Ruby / Rails | 7.4% | 6.6% | ±0.9 pts |
| Authentication (OAuth, SSO) | 7.4% | 5.3% | ±0.9 pts |
| Responsive design | 7% | 6.8% | ±0.9 pts |
| Accessibility (WCAG) | 6.9% | 6.2% | ±0.9 pts |
| End-to-end testing (Cypress, Playwright) | 6.9% | 5.9% | ±0.9 pts |
| React Native | 6.7% | 5.4% | ±0.9 pts |
| Design systems | 6.7% | 5% | ±0.9 pts |
| State management | 6.3% | 5.9% | ±0.9 pts |
| Linux | 6.2% | 3.1% | ±0.9 pts |
| Serverless | 5.6% | 4.1% | ±0.8 pts |
| C++ | 5.4% | 4.8% | ±0.8 pts |
| Search (Elasticsearch) | 5% | 2.8% | ±0.8 pts |
| Rust | 4.9% | 3.9% | ±0.8 pts |
| Data visualisation | 4.4% | 3% | ±0.7 pts |
| Web security | 4.2% | 3.3% | ±0.7 pts |
| Tailwind CSS | 4.2% | 3% | ±0.7 pts |
| Jest / Vitest | 3.5% | 2.9% | ±0.7 pts |
| Vercel / Netlify / edge | 3.4% | 2.4% | ±0.6 pts |
| Concurrency / multithreading | 3.2% | 3% | ±0.6 pts |
| Scala | 3.2% | 1.2% | ±0.6 pts |
| Redux | 3.2% | 2.8% | ±0.6 pts |
| PHP | 3% | 2.6% | ±0.6 pts |
| Component libraries (MUI, Radix…) | 2.7% | 2.2% | ±0.6 pts |
| Figma | 2% | 1.3% | ±0.5 pts |
| TanStack Query | 1.9% | 1.2% | ±0.5 pts |
| Monorepos (Nx, Turborepo) | 1.7% | 1% | ±0.5 pts |
| WebGL / 3D / Canvas | 1.6% | 0.5% | ±0.4 pts |
| Vite | 1.5% | 1.1% | ±0.4 pts |
| Micro-frontends | 1.3% | 1.1% | ±0.4 pts |
| SEO | 1.2% | 0.9% | ±0.4 pts |
| Testing Library | 1.1% | 0.9% | ±0.4 pts |
| Server-side rendering | 1.1% | 0.8% | ±0.4 pts |
| Svelte | 1% | 0.9% | ±0.4 pts |
| Flutter | 1% | 0.7% | ±0.3 pts |
| Single-page apps | 1% | 0.7% | ±0.3 pts |
| Webpack | 1% | 0.8% | ±0.3 pts |
| Zustand | 1% | 0.9% | ±0.3 pts |
| Internationalisation | 1% | 0.6% | ±0.3 pts |
“Required” excludes mentions that appear only under nice-to-haves or in a description of the company's own stack. Margin of error is the 95% interval for a sample of 3,022 postings.
Which framework do employers want?
React dominates: 72% of postings, against 15% for Angular, 11% for Vue and 1% for Svelte.
Meta-frameworks & architecture
The stack employers hire for
React plus the technology each layer names most often (in at least 15% of React postings).
Shares after React are of React postings. Few postings ask for the whole combination. See the full stack breakdown and check yours →
Which backend stack?
Python leads the backend languages: Python 51%, Node.js 32% and Java / Kotlin 28%. Databases come up more often than any one language: SQL in 62% of postings.
Backend languages
Data, cloud & architecture
Beyond the framework
Once the stack matches, these are the skills postings ask for most. They rarely show up in course catalogues.
Styling & UI
Testing
State & data
Build & tooling
Graphics & platforms
AI skills: using tools vs building features
Two different asks that often get mixed up. We count them separately.
Company descriptions don't count: an AI company that says “we build agentic AI” in its intro isn't asking you for LLM skills unless the role itself does.
How much do full-stack developers earn?
Base salary ranges that employers publish in their postings. 68% of full-stack developer postings in the United States include one.
Each posting counts at the midpoint of its range. The typical range itself runs from $165K to $226K (median of the lower and upper ends).
By level (United States)
Median by level; in brackets, the number of postings. Only levels with at least 30 postings that publish a range.
| Country | Postings | Lower quartile | Median | Upper quartile |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | 91 | CA$139K | CA$160K | CA$189K |
| United Kingdom | 31 | £88K | £103K | £119K |
Level and experience
Of the postings whose title states a level, 89% are senior or above. 40% of titles state no level.
Level in the job title
Minimum years of experience
Share of all postings; the other 41% state no minimum.
Do you need a degree?
Mostly not: 58% of postings don't mention one.
Where the jobs are
55% of postings are in the United States; 24% are fully remote. A posting can list several countries.
How we count
- Source. Every open posting on the public job boards of 1,471+ companies that hire through Greenhouse, Lever, Ashby, crawled November 2026. Test boards and empty postings are removed.
- One job, one count. The same title at the same company is counted once, even when it's advertised in several cities (3,874 postings → 3,022 unique jobs).
- Who counts as a full-stack developer. Classified from the job title and checked against the description; only confident matches are included.
- Checked by hand. We labelled 200 postings manually. On postings the extractor had never seen, 98% of the skills it found were really asked for and it caught 98% of the skills present; 85% of postings counted here really are full-stack developer roles.
- Salaries. Read from the pay range in the posting (or the job board's salary field), turned into an annual figure. We checked 120 against the posting text: 117 were right, and the parser was fixed for the errors we found. A range counts for a country only in that country's currency.
- Limits. The sample leans towards tech companies and the US (55%). Postings in languages other than English are only partly understood.
Download the data (JSON): every number on this page, with margins of error. Free to reuse under CC BY 4.0: credit Coursecrit with a link to this page.
FAQ
What skills do full-stack developers need?
In 3,022 open postings, the most requested skills are React (72%), TypeScript (64%), SQL / databases (62%), Python (51%) and AWS (42%). After the core stack, the skills that come up most are CI/CD, code review and mentoring.
Should I learn React, Angular, Vue or Svelte?
React is asked for in 72% of full-stack developer postings; Angular in 15%, Vue in 11% and Svelte in 1%. If you're choosing your first framework for the job market, React covers by far the most openings.
Which backend language should a full-stack developer learn?
Python (51%), Node.js (32%) and Java / Kotlin (28%) are the backend languages full-stack developer postings ask for most. Most postings accept one of several, so depth in one of them plus SQL (62%) matters more than knowing them all.
Do I need a degree to become a full-stack developer?
58% of postings don't mention a degree at all, and only 26% require one without accepting equivalent experience. A portfolio of real projects matters more than the diploma for most of these jobs.
How much does a full-stack developer earn?
In the United States, full-stack developer postings that publish a pay range advertise a median base salary of $200K (middle half: $165K–$226K), from 1,196 postings. By level: mid-level $150K, senior $195K and staff / principal $228K. These are base salaries from companies that publish ranges, which lean towards tech firms and senior roles.
How much experience do full-stack developer jobs ask for?
59% of postings state a minimum; the median is 5 years. 11% ask for two years or less, and 4% are titled junior or intern.
Do full-stack developer jobs ask for AI skills?
36% of postings expect you to use AI coding tools such as Copilot, Cursor or Claude Code, and 33% ask for experience building features on top of large language models.
How close are you?
Tick the skills you have and see your gaps, weighted by how often employers ask for them. Five minutes, no sign-up.